Data & sources

Every feature keeps its source ID. Dates are stored as astronomical years (year 0 = 1 BC) with explicit precision, and nothing on the map has an invented date. Geometry is shown at full source resolution.

We credit every source, including the public-domain and CC0 ones that don't require it. This map exists because these people collected and published the data.

Notes and citations

Borders

Full source geometry, no simplification.

Land (basemap)

Full-resolution modern coastline, one land mass with no modern borders.

Battles

Year-precision dates stored as 1 January are shown as year only.

Conflict events 1989–2023

A subset of GED 23.1; the upstream selection rule for this extract is not documented. Location is where the event happened, not the conflict's country.

Sundberg, R. & Melander, E. (2013). Introducing the UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset. Journal of Peace Research 50(4). Davies, S., Pettersson, T. & Öberg, M. (2023). Organized violence 1989–2022. Journal of Peace Research 60(4).

Eruptions (VEI ≥ 4)

Confirmed eruptions only.

Significant earthquakes

National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K

Meteorite falls

Witnessed falls only; the 37k "found" meteorites are dated by discovery, not landing.

World Heritage Sites

Not time-bound: shown at every year. The year listed is the inscription year.

Built 2026-09-26.

Polities (1613)